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1799-2019
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(2212-2213)
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... Get together sometimes read my true scroll,
And, listening for a long time, say: this is it;
This is his speech. And I, forgetting the grave dream,
I will come up unseen and sit between you,
And I will hear myself ...
SATURDAY, MARCH 3, 2019
"... I value the name of my ancestors"
For A. S. Pushkin, the great poet, historian and thinker, the heroic past of the Russian state has always been a family chronicle. The acts of many of his forefathers left a noticeable mark on the history of the Fatherland. The poet treated his family tree with unflagging interest. By the right of a grateful descendant of valiant relatives, he wrote: "To be proud of the glory of your ancestors is not only possible but necessary; not to respect it is shameful cowardice."
In the letters, biographical notes and poems of the poet, we find his statements about his own pedigree. So, in one of the letters of 1831, Pushkin emphasized: ".... I treasure extremely the name of my ancestors, this only legacy that I inherited from them." In "The Beginning of Autobiography," Alexander Sergeevich reported with satisfaction: "The name of my ancestors is found every minute in our history." In the same place we read: "Four Pushkins signed under the letter about election to the Romanov kingdom ..."
* (In a letter to A. A. Delwig at the beginning of June 1825, Pushkin wrote: "The six Pushkins signed an electoral pledge! Yes, they put a hand in their inability to write!" Here the poet is closer to the truth. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was signed by seven representatives of the Pushkin family (in total, 277 signatures were elected under the charter). See: Muravyov, M. V. Pushkin’s Genealogy. ., 1899, p. 658-660)
Children of A. S. Pushkin (from left to right): Gregory, Maria, Natalia and Alexander. Figure N. I. Frizengof. 1841
In the drama "Boris Godunov," one of the actors is Gavrila Grigorievich Pushkin, a dull nobleman, who, by Pushkin’s own admission, is outlined "con amore *, but without any noble arrogance." In the outline of the preface to Boris Godunov, Pushkin wrote about Gavril Grigorievich: "... I depicted him as I found in history and in our family papers. He was very talented — like a warrior, a court man, and especially a conspirator." Gavrila Pushkin is shown as the indomitable enemy of Tsar Boris. The latter exclaims with bitterness: “The Pushkin family is rebellious to me is rebellious ...” Another Pushkin, Athanasius Mikhailovich, also derived in the drama, is a historically unreal, fictional face.
Particularly vividly showed the attitude of the great classic to the history of a kind in the poem "My Genealogy" (1830). The immediate reason for creating it was the speeches in the press of the reactionary writers F. V. Bulgarin and N. A. Polevoi, who accused Pushkin of aristocracy, that is, of trying to classify themselves as a privileged class. The poet contrasts his, the ancestors of the so-called new nobility - to those who made or make a career through servility to the monarchs.
The author of these caustic lines hints at the past of the well-known royal favorites — the son of court groom A.D. Menshikov, who became a state and military leader, associate of Peter I; the former valet of Pavel I I.P. Kutaisov, who was blessed by the king (Kutaisov’s son later became a senator); A. G. Razumovsky, a simple singing man, later the husband of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (his nephew, A. K. Razumovsky, was Pushkin's minister of public education); the son of an obscure Little Russian clerk A. A. Bezborodko, who at the will of Catherine II received a count of dignity, and later a princely title. In contrast to such "aristocrats," Pushkins were distinguished by unblemished honor and military valor. The disinterestedness of the forefathers in the service of the Motherland admired and pleased the ardent singer of freedom. And he was proud to lead his clan from the depths of the centuries - from the legendary Ratsha (Racha), “honest husband”, who “served as a scolding muscle to Saint Nevsky” *.
* (It was later established that the Corsha arrived "from the German" in Novgorod in the first half of the 12th century.)
The ancestors of A.S. Pushkin were people independent, respected ("They used to be dear to us," we read in My Family Tree). Against the background of major historical events that came to life in many of Pushkin's works, the poet showed with his impartiality his complex and sometimes dramatic fate of his ancestors.
“Prrashur” is Fedor Matveyevich Pushkin, who was executed in 1697 for participating in the archery plot against Peter I. And the poet’s grandfather, Lev Aleksandrovich Pushkin, was among those who openly opposed Catherine II’s ascension to the throne, refused to take the oath.
His great-grandfather Abram Hannibal, the son of the sovereign Abyssinian prince, and then the nestling nest of Petrov, Pushkin dedicated the remaining unfinished novel Arap Peter the Great, wrote about him in his autobiographical notes. The thoughts and words of Pushkin about his pedigree are imbued with a careful, loving attitude to the memory of ancestors, to their deeds and merits. The poet also respected the closest relatives - mother, father, sister, brother, uncle ... People had a bright, original personality, they were distinguished by high culture, and some of them had (of course, to varying degrees) and literary abilities.
The poet's mother, Nadezhda Osipovna Pushkina, nee Hannibal (1775-1836), inherited from her grandfather Abram Hannibal swarthy complexion and curly hair, for which contemporaries called her "a beautiful Creole." She received a good education at that time, she knew French literature and music. From his grandfather, "the arap of Peter the Great," Pushkin's mother inherited an African character, hot-tempered and irritable. Raising children she was often unfair to them, especially to the eldest son Alexander. Therefore, in Pushkin’s relationship with his mother there was no cordiality, friendly warmth.
Не торговал мой дед блинами,
Нe ваксил царских сапогов,
Не пел с придворными дьячками,
В князья не прыгал из хохлов...
Упрямства дух нам всем подгадил.
В родню свою неукротим,
С Петром мой пращур не поладил
И был за то повешен им.
Only in the last months of her life did Nadezhda Osipovna realize at last what kind, generous heart of her eldest son. Pushkin surrounded the seriously ill mother with such attention, cared for her with such touching vagueness, that, according to the memoirs of the poet poet Baroness E. N. Vrevskoy (nee Wulf) *, Nadezhda Osipovna "recognized her injustice and asked him for forgiveness, knowing that I didn't appreciate it. "
Go
* (Semevsky M. I. To the biography of Pushkin. Excerpts from a notebook. - "Russian Bulletin", 1869, No. 11, p. 89.)
After the death of N. O. Pushkina, wrote E. N. Vrevskaya, Alexander Sergeevich "was extremely upset and complained about the fate", which gave him "in such a short time to use the tenderness of the mother".
Father of the poet, Sergey Lvovich Pushkin (1770-1848), was friends with the greatest writers and poets of his time - N. M. Karamzin, K. N. Batyushkov, V. A. Zhukovsky, I. I. Dmitriev, P. A. Vyazemsky . He had good acting data, participated in home performances, masterfully read French authors, of whom Moliere especially loved. He wrote poems and impromptu.
The uncle of the poet Vasily Lvovich Pushkin (1767-1830) had a beneficial effect on the early work of Alexander Sergeevich, on the formation of his unusually bright literary fate. He perfectly knew several European languages, was a great master on puns and all kinds of literary impromptu. Vasily Lvovich interestingly told about his journey to Germany, France and England, undertaken in 1803-1804, in travel letters (addressed to N. M. Karamzin) published in the "Herald of Europe".
VL Pushkin's literary fame brought him poetic novels, fables, fairy tales, madrigals and epigrams. But his comic poem "The Dangerous Neighbor", written in 1811 and quickly and widely distributed in lists *, enjoyed especially great and even noisy success with readers. In 1816, Vasily Lvovich was accepted into the literary society "Arzamas", which Pushkin became a member of in a year.
* (During the lifetime of V. L. Pushkin, The Dangerous Neighbor was published only once, in 1815, in Munich. The only time, in 1822, Vassily Lvovich published a collection of his poems.)
By the way, it was V. L. Pushkin who in the summer of 1811 drove Alexander, his twelve-year-old nephew, from Moscow to Tsarskoye Selo to enter Lyceum.
And three years later, he also conveyed the poem of a young Pushkin, “To a friend of a poet,” which appeared in the thirteenth issue of the journal for 1814, in the “Vestnik Evropy”. This was the first printed work of the poet. Some of Pushkin's youthful poems are addressed to his uncle (Gorodok, 1815; Uncle, who called the writer a brother, 1816; VL Pushkin, 1816, and others). In the novel "Eugene Onegin" he mentions Buyanova - the hero of "Dangerous Neighbor". In the literary life of Russia at the end of the 18th and the first decades of the 19th century, Vasily Pushkin was, of course, not only an extraordinary, but also very peculiar phenomenon, especially in the so-called small genres. His life and work is a noticeable page in the annals of the Pushkin family.
In childhood, Pushkin had a tender friendship with her sister Olga (1797–1868). They were connected not only by common games and fun, but also by something more serious. Olya was the first listener to the poems of Pushkin the boy. She was also the first spectator of comedies-miniatures he wrote in childhood in French, which Sasha put on the home stage. One of the plays - an obvious imitation of Moliere - he called the "Thief". Ole did not like the play, and she booed a nine-year-old author. In 1814, Pushkin, a fifteen-year-old lyceum student, dedicated a large poetic message to her “To the Sister” to Olga. It was caused by the family moving from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Pushkin did not see his sister for almost three years and sincerely wished to meet with her:
Спеша на новоселье,
Оставлю темпу келью,
Поля, сады свои;
Под стол клобук с веригой
- И прилечу расстригой
В объятия твои.
During a serious quarrel between Pushkin and his father in Mikhailovsky in the fall of 1824, Olga Sergeyevna was on the side of her brother and wanted, against the wishes of her parents, to stay with Alexander in the Pskov estate to brighten up his loneliness. And when, in January 1828, O. S. Pushkin married Nikolai Ivanovich Pavlishchev without his father’s consent — and secretly from him — Alexander Sergeevich, at the request of his mother, met and blessed the newlyweds in the apartment of Lyceum friend A. A. Delvig (there they temporarily settled) .
Seven years before, in a letter to Delvig, Pushkin shared his thoughts about the sixteen-year-old brother Leo (1805-1852): "... he is an intelligent man in the whole sense of the word - and he has a beautiful soul. <...> I feel that we will be friends and brothers not only because of our African blood. "
Lev Sergeevich was distinguished by his literary taste, keen mind and phenomenal memory. He wrote a witty epigram to his brother, at that time of the groom: "He is chained, fascinated, he is completely dressed." In the circle of friends of L. S. Pushkin readily read by heart the verses of his brother. Moreover, Lev, as the family tradition says, recited the works of Alexander Sergeevich "better than Pushkin did" *. He himself wrote poetry, some of them saw the light after the author’s death. After the death of Lev Sergeevich, his essay "Biographical news about A.S. Pushkin until 1826" (Moskvityanin, 1853, No. 10) was published, the significance of which in the history of the study of the life and work of the poet is difficult to overestimate.
During the life of Lev Sergeevich, only one of his poems appeared in print. And VG Belinsky immediately noticed him. At the beginning of July 1842, he informed V.P. Botkin: "Glorious verses in No. 7 of Otechestvennye Zapiski" "Peter the Great" ... I read and reread them with pleasure - there is something energetic, enthusiastic and civil in them, there is a lot of bold, like the 16th verse. " Belinsky meant the lines:
Januaryˈjanyo͞oˌerē
Таков был ум его глубокий.
Но что чудесней: ум в Петре
Иль гражданина дух высокий
В самовластительном царе?
True, the great critic did not know who wrote the poem he liked (under him there were only the initials L. P.). The authorship of "Peter the Great" was later established by I. S. Turgenev, who recalled: "Belinsky often read the poem of Lev Pushkin, the poet's brother, Peter the Great" among friends ... "
L. S. Pushkin did not consider himself a poet, he was indifferent to his own creativity, although he wrote poems with his passion inherent. But all his life he was a tireless zealot of the glory of his great brother, sacredly kept the memory of him. Lev Sergeevich was associated with a short acquaintance not only with the writers of Pushkin's circle, but also with many poets of the younger generation - M. Yu. Lermontov, Ya. P. Polonsky, N. F. Shcherbina ... Everyone who knew Lev Pushkin loved him for independence of judgment and wit, for a nonchalant-good-natured disposition and extraordinary sociability.
Leonid Pushkin, a participant in many military campaigns, admired everyone with his excellent courage and unpretentiousness in camp life. He received ranks and orders, but did not care a bit about his career, both military and civil. And in this regard, was like an older brother.
THE DESTINY OF THE GENIUS POET’S OFFICERS
As you know, Pushkin had four children: two daughters and two sons. And how many descendants of the genius poet was?
The Pushkin scholars counted just, including the long dead, 237 descendants of Alexander Sergeevich, of whom 171 descendants of the great poet were alive at the beginning of the eighties. Fate scattered them around the world. Now, for example, we have in Russia, 82 descendants of Pushkin live, in France 24, in England 20, in USA 12, Belgium 10, Switzerland 6, West Germany 5, Italy 3. Six live in Hawaii and three in Morocco. Today we will talk about the children of Alexander Sergeyevich. The firstborn, Maria, was born in 1832, in 1833 and in 1835 the sons Alexander and Grigory were born, in 1836 the daughter Natalia was born.
