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1799-2019
Kuban
N 100-101
(2212-2213)
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... Get together sometimes read my true scroll,
And, listening for a long time, say: this is it;
This is his speech. And I, forgetting the grave dream,
I will come up unseen and sit between you,
And I will hear myself ...
SATURDAY, MARCH 3, 2019
CONTENT:
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
the great Russian poet, playwright and prose writer, who laid the foundations of the Russian realistic trend, critic and literary theorist, historian, publicist; one of the most authoritative literary figures of the first third of the XIX century.
Born: June 6, 1799, Moscow, Russian Empire
Died: February 10, 1837 (37 years), St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Height: 161 cm
Parents: Nadezhda Pushkina, Sergey Pushkin
Children: Alexander Pushkin, Maria Hartung, Natalia Pushkina, Grigory Pushkin
Brothers and sisters: Lev Pushkin, Olga Pavlishcheva
CHILDHOOD
Pushkin was born on May 26 (June 6), 1799 in Moscow, in the German Quarter. In the register of the Epiphany Church in Yelokhovo on the date of June 8 (19), 1799, among others, the following record falls:
“May 27. In the courtyard of Kolezhsky registrar Ivan Vasilyev Skvartsov, his tenant son Moyor Sergius Pushkin was born Alexander. Baptized on June 8th day. Perceptor Count Artemy Ivanovich Vorontsov, godfather mother of the aforementioned Sergius Pushkin, Olga Vasilyevna Pushkin's widow.
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YOUTH
Pushkin spent six years at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, opened on October 19, 1811. Here the young poet survived the events of the Patriotic War of 1812. Here his poetic gift was first opened and was highly appreciated. Memories of the years spent at the Lyceum, the lyceum fraternity remained forever in the poet's soul. Among the lyceum teachers of Pushkin was Professor of moral and political sciences A. P. Kunitsyn, who studied at the University of Götingen and was close to many future Decembrists. Pushkin lifelong gratitude to Kunitsyn.
МОЛОДОСТЬ
Pushkin was released from the lyceum in June 1817 with the rank of collegiate secretary and was appointed to the College of Foreign Affairs. He becomes a regular visitor to the theater, takes part in the meetings of "Arzamas", in 1819 he joined the literary-theatrical community "Green Lamp", which is headed by the "Union of Welfare". Not participating in the activities of the first secret organizations, Pushkin, nevertheless, has friendly ties with many active members of Decembrist societies, writes political epigrams and poems “To Chaadaev” (“Love, Hope, Silent Glory ...”, 1818), “Liberty (1818), "N. J. Pluskovoy "(1818)," Village "(1819), distributed in the lists. During these years, he was busy working on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", started at the Lyceum and responding to the program guidelines of the literary society "Arzamas" about the need to create a national heroic poem.
The poem was published in May 1820 (according to the lists was known earlier) and caused various, not always benevolent, responses. Already after Pushkin’s expulsion, controversy flared up around the poem. Some critics were outraged by the decline of the high canon. The confusion of Russian-French verbal expression with vernacular and folklore stylistics in Ruslan and Lyudmila caused reproaches from defenders of the democratic nationality in literature. Such complaints were contained in a letter from D. Zykov, a literary follower of Katenin, published in Son of the Fatherland.
In the south (1820-1824)
In the spring of 1820, Pushkin was summoned to the military governor-general of St. Petersburg, Count M. A. Miloradovich, for an explanation of the contents of his poems (including the epigrams on Arakcheev, Archimandrite Fotius and Alexander I himself), incompatible with the status of state official. There was talk of his expulsion to Siberia or imprisonment in the Solovki monastery. Only through the efforts of friends, above all, Karamzin, was it possible to achieve a mitigation of punishment. He was transferred from the capital to the south to the Chisinau office of I. N. Inzov. On the way to a new duty station, Alexander Sergeevich falls ill with pneumonia, having bathed in the Dnieper. To restore health, the Rayevskys take out a sick poet with him to the Caucasus and the Crimea at the end of May 1820. On the way, the Raevsky family and A. S. Pushkin stop in the town of Taganrog, in the former home of the mayor P. A. Papkov (40 Grecheskaya St.).
For the first time, the young poet visited here in the summer of 1817 and, as he wrote in one of his autobiographies, was fascinated by "rural life, the Russian bath, strawberries, etc., - but I did not like all this for long." In 1824, Pushkin's letter was opened by the police in Moscow, where he wrote about his enthusiasm for "atheistic teachings." This was the reason for the resignation of the poet July 8, 1824 from the service. He was exiled to the estate of his mother, and spent there two years (until September 1826) - this is the longest stay of Pushkin in Mikhailovsky.
Contrary to the fears of friends, the solitude in the village did not become disastrous for Pushkin.
Despite the painful experiences, the first Mikhailovsky Autumn was fruitful for the poet, he read a lot, pondered, worked. Pushkin often visited the neighbor on the estate of P. A. Osipov in Trigorskoye and used her library. From the mikhailovskaya exile until the end of his life he had friendly relations with Osipova and members of her large family. In Trigorsky in 1826, Pushkin met Yazykov, whose poems were known to him from 1824. Pushkin completes the poems “Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet” begun in Odessa, where he formulates his professional credo, “By the Sea” - lyrical reflection on the fate of a Napoleon man and Byron, about the brutal power of historical circumstances over a person, the poem "Gypsies" (1827), continues to write a novel in verse. In the autumn of 1824, he resumes work on autobiographical notes left at the very beginning in Chisinau, and ponders the plot of the folk drama Boris Godunov (finished November 7 (19), 1825, published in 1831), writes the comic poem Graf Nulin.
Pushkin feels the need for everyday change. In 1830, his repeated matchmaking for Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova was accepted, and in the fall he goes to the Nizhny Novgorod estate of his father Boldino to take possession of the nearby village of Kistenevo, donated by the father for the wedding. The cholera quarantines delayed the poet for three months, and this time it was destined to become the famous Boldino Autumn, the highest point of Pushkin's creative work, when an entire library of works poured out from his pen: “The Tale of the Deceased Ivan Petrovich Belkin” (“The Tale of Belkin”), “Experience dramatic studies ”(“ Little Tragedies ”), the last chapters of“ Eugene Onegin ”,“ House in Kolomna ”,“ The Story of the Village of Goryukhin ”,“ The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balde ”, several sketches of critical articles and about 30 poems. Bolda products Nij, if deliberately dissimilar one to another by genre and tonality, especially in contrast with one another two cycles: prose and dramatic. These are the two poles of his work, to which other works written in the three autumn months of 1830 are related.
Moscow (1830–1831) and Petersburg (1831–1833)
At the same time, Pushkin took an active part in the publication of the Literary Gazette of his friend, publisher A. A. Delvig. Delvig, having prepared the first two issues, temporarily left Petersburg and assigned Pushkin a newspaper, who became the actual editor of the first 13 issues. The conflict of the Literary Gazette with the editor-in-chief of the semi-official newspaper Severnaya Bee, FV Bulgarin, an agent of the Third Division, after publishing a newspaper quatrain Casimir Delavigny about the victims of the July Revolution, closed the publication.
On December 5, 1830, Pushkin returned from Boldin to Moscow. February 18 (March 2) 1831 is crowned with Natalia Goncharova in the Moscow Church of the Great Ascension at the Nikitsky Gate. When exchanging rings, Pushkin's ring fell to the floor. Then his candle went out. He turned pale and said: “Everything is a bad omen!” Immediately after the wedding, the Pushkin family briefly settled in Moscow on Arbat, 53 (according to modern numbering; now a museum). There, the couple lived until mid-May 1831, when, without waiting for the end of the lease, they left for the capital, as Pushkin fell out with his mother-in-law, who interfered in his family life.
For the summer Pushkin rented a cottage in Tsarskoye Selo. Here he writes "Onegin's Letter", thereby finally completing the work on the novel in verse, which was his "faithful companion" for eight years of life. A new perception of reality, outlined in his work in the late 1820s, required in-depth study of history : it should have found the origins of the fundamental questions of our time. Pushkin actively replenished his personal library with domestic and foreign publications related to the history of Peter the Great. A.I. Turgenev noted in him “treasures of talent, observations and readings about Russia, especially about Peter and Catherine, are rare, the only ones ... No one judged Russian modern history so well: he ripened for her and knew and found in fame much that others have not noticed. " In 1831 he was allowed to work in the archives. Pushkin again entered the service as a "historiographer", having received the highest task of writing "The History of Peter." Cholera riots, terrible in their cruelty, and the Polish events that put Russia on the brink of war with Europe, seem to the poet a threat to Russian statehood. Strong power in these conditions seems to him a pledge of the salvation of Russia - this idea is inspired by his poems “Before the tomb of the holy ...”, “Slanderers of Russia”, “Borodino anniversary”. The last two, written on the occasion of the capture of Warsaw, along with a poem by V. A. Zhukovsky “Old song in a new way” were printed with a special brochure “To the Capture of Warsaw” and caused an ambiguous reaction. Pushkin, who was never the enemy of any people, was friends with Mickiewicz, nevertheless could not accept the claims of the insurgents to join the Lithuanian, Ukrainian and Belarusian lands to Poland.
In the autumn of 1833, he returned to Boldino. Now Boldin's autumn of Pushkin is twice shorter than three years ago, but by value it is commensurate with Boldino's autumn of 1830. Within a month and a half, Pushkin has completed work on The History of Pugachev and Songs of Western Slavs, begins work on the story The Queen of Spades, creates the poems Angelo and The Bronze Horseman, The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish and the Tale of the Dead the princess and the seven heroes ”, a poem in octaves“ Autumn ”.
Peterburg (1833—1835)
In November 1833, Pushkin returned to St. Petersburg, feeling the need to drastically change life and, above all, get out of the care of the court. On the eve of 1834, Nicholas I confers on his historian a junior court title of the chamber junker. According to Pushkin's friends, he was furious: this title was usually given to young people. In his diary, on January 1, 1834, Pushkin made a note: On the third day I was sent to the chamber junkers (which is rather indecent to my years). But Dvor wanted N. N. [Natalia Nikolaevna].
At the same time, the publication of the Bronze Horseman was prohibited. At the beginning of 1834, Pushkin added another prosaic Petersburg story, The Queen of Spades, and placed it in the Library for Reading magazine, which paid Pushkin immediately and at higher rates. It was launched in Boldin and was intended, then, apparently, for the almanac “Troychatka” to be shared with V. F. Odoyevsky and N. V. Gogol.
On June 25, 1834, the titular adviser Pushkin resigns with a request to retain the right to work in the archives necessary for the execution of "The Story of Peter." The motive was indicated family affairs and the impossibility of a permanent presence in the capital. The petition was accepted with the refusal to use the archives, since Pushkin formally was an official at the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Thus, Pushkin was deprived of the opportunity to continue working. Following the advice of Zhukovsky, Pushkin withdrew the petition. Later, Pushkin asked for a vacation for 3-4 years: in the summer of 1835 he wrote to his mother-in-law that he was going with his whole family to go to the village for a few years. However, he was denied leave, in return, Nicholas I offered six-month leave and 10,000 rubles, as was said, “for help”.
Pushkin did not accept them and asked for 30,000 rubles with the condition of withholding from his salary, leave was granted to him for four months. So for several years ahead Pushkin was bound by service in Petersburg. This amount did not cover even half of Pushkin’s debts, with the cessation of salary payment, one had to rely only on literary incomes that depended on the reader’s demand. At the end of 1834 - the beginning of 1835 several final editions of Pushkin's works were published: the full text of Eugene Onegin (from 1825–32 the novel was published by separate chapters), collections of poems, short stories, poems, but all of them differed with difficulty. Criticism was already talking about the crushing of Pushkin’s talent, about the end of his era in Russian literature. Two autumn - 1834 (in Boldin) and 1835 (in Mikhailovsky) were less fruitful. For the third time, the poet came to Boldino in the fall of 1834 on the intricate affairs of the estate and lived there for a month, writing only The Tale of the Golden Cockerel. In Mikhailovsky, Pushkin continued to work on “Scenes from Knightly Times”, “Egyptian Nights”, created a poem “I Visited Again.” The general public, lamenting about the fall of Pushkin’s talent, did not know that his best works were not missed in print, which those years there was a constant, intense work on the extensive ideas: "The Story of Peter", a novel about the Pugachev region. In the work of the poet matured radical changes. In these years, Pushkin the lyric poet became primarily a “poet for himself.” He is now aggressively experimenting with prosaic genres that do not fully satisfy him, remain in the designs, sketches, drafts, looking for new forms of literature.
In the spring of 1836, Nadezhda Osipovna died after a serious illness. Pushkin, who had come close to his mother in the last days of her life, suffered this loss with difficulty. The circumstances were such that he, the only of the whole family, accompanied the body of Nadezhda Osipovna to the burial place in the Holy Mountains. This was his last visit to Mikhailovskoye. In early May, Pushkin came to Moscow in publishing and working in the archives. He hoped for cooperation in the Sovremennik of the authors of the Moscow Observer. However, Baratynsky, Pogodin, Khomyakov, Shevyryov were not in a hurry to answer, without directly refusing. In addition, Pushkin hoped that Belinsky, who was in conflict with Pogodin, would write for the magazine. Visiting the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he became convinced that working with documents of the Peter I era would take several months.
At the insistence of his wife, who waited from day to day of birth, Pushkin returned to St. Petersburg at the end of May. According to the recollections of the French publisher and diplomat Leve-Weimar, who visited Pushkin in the summer of 1836, he was fascinated by “The Story of Peter”, shared with the guest the results of his archival searches and fears the readers would perceive the book where the king would be shown “the way he was in the first years of his reign, when he fiercely sacrificed everything to his goal. " Learning that Leva-Weimar was interested in Russian folk songs, Pushkin translated for him eleven songs into French. According to the experts who studied this work of Pushkin, it was executed flawlessly.
In the summer of 1836, Pushkin created his last poetic cycle, named for the place of writing (dacha on Kamenny Island) "Kamennoostrovsky". The exact composition of the cycle of poems is unknown. Perhaps they were intended for publication in Sovremennik, but Pushkin refused it, foreseeing problems with censorship. Three works, undoubtedly belonging to the cycle, are connected with the Gospel theme. The cutting-edge plot of the poems “Fathers of the Hermitages and Wives are Immaculate”, “How I Fell from the Tree ...” and “Worldly Power” - Holy Week of Great Lent. Another poem of the cycle - “From Pindemont” is devoid of Christian symbolism, however, the poet continues his thoughts about the duties of a person living in peace with himself and those around him, about betrayal, about the right to physical and spiritual freedom. According to V.P. Stark: “In this poem, Pushkin’s ideal poetic and human creed suffered through all his life was formulated.”
Endless negotiations with the son-in-law about the division of the estate after the death of the mother, concern for publishing, debts, and, most importantly, deliberately obvious courting of the cavalier Dantes for his wife, which led to gossip in secular society, caused Pushkin’s oppression in the autumn of 1836. On November 3, an anonymous libel with insulting hints about Natalia Nikolaevna was sent to his friends. Pushkin, who learned about the letters the next day, was sure that they were the work of Dantes and his foster father Hecker. On the evening of November 4, he sent a call to a duel of Dantes. Gekkern (after two meetings with Pushkin) achieved a two-week delay in the duel. Through the efforts of the poet's friends, and, above all, Zhukovsky and Natalia Nikolaevna E. Zagryazhskaya's aunt, the duel was averted. On November 17, Dantes made an offer to Natalia Nikolaevna's sister, Ekaterina Goncharova. On the same day, Pushkin sent a letter to his second, W. A. Sollogub, with a refusal to duel. Marriage did not resolve the conflict. Dantes, meeting with Natalia Nikolaevna in the world, pursued her. Rumors spread that Dantes had married Pushkin’s sister in order to save Natalia Nikolaevna’s reputation. According to K. K. Danzas, his wife proposed to Pushkin to leave Petersburg for the time being, but he, “having lost all patience, decided to end differently. Pushkin sent on January 26 (February 7), 1837, to Louis Gekkern, a "highly insulting letter." The only answer to it could only be a challenge to a duel, and Pushkin knew this. A formal challenge to the duel from Gekkern, approved by Dantes, was received by Pushkin on the same day through the attache of the French embassy, Viscount d’Archiac. Since Gekkern was the ambassador of a foreign state, he could not fight a duel - this would mean the immediate collapse of his career. The duel with Dantes took place on January 27 at the Black River. Pushkin was wounded: a bullet cut through the neck of the thigh and penetrated into the stomach. For that time, the injury was fatal. Pushkin learned about this from the medical physician Arendt, who, conceding his insistence, did not hide the true state of affairs.
